Paper is a renewable material widely used in packaging, printing, hygiene, and more. While often considered eco-friendly, its production and disposal still have notable environmental impacts.
Sustainable paper begins with responsibly managed forests. FSC and PEFC certifications ensure reforestation, biodiversity protection, and indigenous rights. However, illegal logging and monoculture plantations still pose risks.
Traditional paper bleaching uses chlorine compounds, which can generate toxic byproducts like dioxins. Modern processes increasingly use elemental chlorine-free (ECF) or totally chlorine-free (TCF) methods.
Paper is one of the most successfully recycled materials, with recovery rates above 70% in many countries. However, recycling degrades fiber quality, and contaminated or coated paper is often landfilled or incinerated.
Tissue paper, office sheets, and packaging all differ in energy use, water consumption, and recyclability. Virgin fibers are often used for hygiene products, while packaging benefits more from recycled inputs.
Options include agricultural residues (bagasse, straw), recycled pulp, and unbleached brown paper. Digitalization also helps reduce unnecessary paper use across sectors.