Energy systems are at the heart of climate mitigation. Shifting from fossil fuels to clean, efficient, and resilient energy networks is critical for sustainable development and emissions reduction.
Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass are rapidly scaling. Their intermittent nature requires flexible grids, seasonal storage, and demand-side solutions to ensure stability.
Lithium-ion batteries dominate short-term storage, while pumped hydro, hydrogen, and thermal systems support long-duration balancing. Decentralized storage (e.g., in EVs and homes) also contributes flexibility.
Smart grids use sensors, automation, and real-time data to balance supply and demand. They enable dynamic pricing, prosumer participation, and integration of distributed energy resources (DERs).
770 million people lack access to electricity. Decentralized renewable mini-grids and solar home systems are vital for achieving energy justice and enabling local development in underserved regions.
Improving the efficiency of appliances, buildings, and transport reduces demand and emissions. Efficiency is often the fastest and cheapest path to decarbonization.